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Cognitive neuroscience --- Cognitive neuroscience.

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Psycholinguistics --- Physiology of nerves and sense organs --- Cognitive neuroscience

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Despite the success of earlier Neuromethads volumes, I was initially reluctant to edit a further volume because my own - search is concerned with nonneural tissues. I changed my mind for two simple reasons. First, though the sheer diversity of ext- cellular signal molecules is staggering, still more impressive is the remarkably small number of transmembrane signaling processes they recruit- their receptors either have integral ion channels or enzyme activities, or else they catalytically activate G proteins. Likewise, when we look to the final intracellular t- gets of these signaling pathways, they are stucturally diverse, but again there are common themes: the response may either be the gating of an ion channel, or else the phosphorylation of a target protein. Such conservation of signaling mechanisms is both impressive and convenient, and provides my justification for asking authors with interests in diverse tissues to contribute their methodological expertise to this volume. Second, I think it would be difficult to overestimate the extent to which our understanding of intracellular signaling has been transformed by new and improved methodology. Thus, simple methods for measuring inositol phosphates have revealed the profound and widespread importance of the ph- phoinositide pathways, the techniques of contemporary - lecular biology have provided unrivaled opportunities to relate structure and function, and the complex spatial and t- poral characteristics of intracellular signaling pathways were barely imaginable before the introduction of fluorescent indi- tors and single cell-imaging technology.

Neurochemistry --- Second messengers (Biochemistry) --- Second Messenger Systems. --- Research --- Methodology. --- Neurosciences. --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Neuroscience --- Medical sciences --- Nervous system

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Emotions --- Fallacies (Logic) --- Reasoning --- Argumentation --- Ratiocination --- Reason --- Thought and thinking --- Judgment (Logic) --- Logic --- Errors, Logical --- Sophisms (Logic) --- Sophistry (Logic) --- Feelings --- Human emotions --- Passions --- Psychology --- Affect (Psychology) --- Affective neuroscience --- Apathy --- Pathognomy

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Most cells will survive removal from the natural mic- environment of their in vivo tissue and placement into a sterile culture dish under optimal conditions. Not only do they survive, but they also multiply and express differentiated properties in such a culture dish. A few cells do this in suspension, but most will need some kind of mechanical support substituting for their natural connections with other cells. The surface of a culture dish that might have to be coated is usually sufficient. The recent trend to standardization of conditions and the existence of commercial enterprises with adequate funds and specializing in the needs of scientists were responsible for the tremendous proliferation of cell culture techniques in all fields of research in the last 20 years. No longer does a scientist have to concentrate all his/her efforts on that technology; the new trends make it feasible to employ cell culture techniques as only one of the many methods available in a small corner of a larger research laboratory. Some areas of research depend more heavily than others on cell culture techniques. Neuroscience is one of the areas that has developed hand in hand with the proliferation of cell culture methodology. Molecular biological aspects, cell differentiation and development, neurophysiological and neurochemical studies, as well as investigations into the nature of various diseases are now to a large extent dependent on the use of cell cultures.

Nervous system --- Neurons. --- Neurons --- Tissue Culture --- Cultures and culture media. --- Cytology. --- Methods. --- Human histology. Human cytology --- Physiology of nerves and sense organs --- Neurosciences. --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Neuroscience --- Medical sciences